Civil society plays an important role in fostering business integrity.54 An OECD study describes media reporting and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as being “among the most important sources of public awareness-raising on corruption”.55
Journalists have provided investigative reports on major cases of domestic and transnational corruption. The exposure of corruption offences can force local competent authorities to take investigative and prosecutorial action.56 However, for the media to be an effective source of uncovering corruption, freedom of the press is essential. UNCAC article 13(1)(d) specifically calls on States parties to strengthen the participation of society in the fight against corruption by, inter alia, “respecting, promoting and protecting the freedom to seek, receive, publish and disseminate information concerning corruption.”57 Access to information is a crucial aspect of enabling citizen participation – whether by individuals, groups or media.58 Equally, press freedom, as has been noted, is often a precondition for reporting on corruption.59
Non-governmental organizations have also played an important role in recognizing anti-corruption efforts in the private sector. Many organizations have created awards programmes that recognize individuals and organizations in leading and influential roles in combating corruption in the private sector. Industry associations can also be prominent non-state actors in promoting business integrity in their economic sectors.
Civil society engagement occurs primarily through public education, advocacy and compliance monitoring. Advocacy organizations can support and help shape anti-corruption initiatives, government policies and legislation.60 Business organizations and professional associations often assist smaller companies in developing anti-corruption compliance programmes.61
